Posts Tagged Pre-IPO

In a revised notice dated 8 October, a tokenized-stock venue that is not yet trading published a short list of companies that had told it no. OKXICE, a 50-50 joint venture between Intercontinental Exchange Holdings and OKC USA Holding, said it had received a Notice of Issuer Objection from Cerebras Systems, AppLovin, Applied Digital and Rocket Lab. A week later, in a notice dated 15 October, the list had nine names. These notices are the first public record we have found of companies using the veto in the SEC's order of 17 September, which lets a venue trade a company's stock in token form, including tokens made without the company's involvement, but only where the token carries the same rights as the ordinary share. For a token made by a third party the company must be told first, trading cannot begin for thirty days, and an objection inside that window stops it. All nine stocks are already offered offshore as tokens without shareholder rights. The veto reached the version that comes with those rights, on one venue. Over the offshore tokens, as we read the order, the companies have no say at all.

A CoreWeave co-founder told the Financial Times this week where the next round of AI-chip financing could come from. Brannin McBee, who leads CoreWeave's financing, said that winning investment-grade ratings for more of its chip-backed debt would let it borrow from insurers, whose capital "is unlimited". The FT's insurance correspondent had already supplied the other half, saying many large traditional insurers are at their limit for exposure to AI companies. Both can be true at once. Insurance money is already in this market, in investment-grade paper and below it, and the filings name the insurers: 58 purchasers of IREN's notes, more than half of them US life and annuity insurers, and insurers among the lenders on CoreWeave's GPU facilities. Where they are named, the amounts are redacted or not given. What is new is the scale being discussed and the ratings it would take. For scale, the NAIC estimates US insurers' exposure to all private credit at $1.2 trillion at the end of 2025, about 13% of cash and invested assets. It does not break out data centers or AI, and no official figure does.

Eleven amicus briefs are now on the docket of New Jersey's Supreme Court petition against Kalshi, and the cover of every one says it is in support of petitioners. Ten of them were entered between 2 and 8 October. Eleven to none looks like a verdict, and part of it is a calendar. Under the Court's Rule 37.2, a brief supporting a petitioner at this stage must be filed within thirty days of the case being docketed, and that time will not be extended. The petition was docketed on 8 September, which made the deadline Thursday 8 October. The same rule sets a different clock for the other side: a brief supporting a respondent follows the time allowed for the brief in opposition, and Kalshi's response is currently due on 9 November. The briefs come from gaming regulators, tribes, states, opponents of gambling expansion, the National Football League, the gaming industry, and two former officials, among them a former CFTC chairman. Anyone who wants to stand beside Kalshi files on Kalshi's timetable rather than New Jersey's.

Tessera's piece of 2 September held back on supplier-side residual value guarantees, saying that whether any given arrangement qualified as circular "depends on documents we have not read". The filings have now been read, and they had been on file all along. AMD disclosed a $4.1 billion guarantee of a partner's data center lease obligations in February, Nvidia disclosed guarantees of partners' facility lease obligations "in exchange for warrants" the same month, Broadcom's backstop appeared on 9 June, and Nvidia's largest guarantee in an 8-K on 17 August. Every one was public before the 2 September piece said otherwise. Checking those sources against Tessera's August work turned up errors in three pieces, corrected here and in a note on each page. They cover the date at which anyone first had to price AI hardware, four telecom figures from the Nortel and Lucent era that were wrong or unsupported, and the shape of AMD's investment in Anthropic. One argument is weaker as a result. Staging was offered as what separates today's commitments from the telecom era, and Lucent's were largely undrawn too. Revenue separates them more.

Renaissance Capital counts three sizable US IPOs postponed before pricing in the third quarter, all within a few weeks of each other in September: Oura, Holtec Nuclear and Bamboo Insurance. Postponements are usually read as a verdict on the market. The more useful thing to look at is who was selling. Holtec offered 50 million shares at $15 to $18, all of them sold by the company and none by existing holders, and asked the SEC on 25 September to withdraw its registration. Bamboo offered 35 million at $18 to $20, none sold by the company and all of them by existing holders. Oura offered 50 million at $40 to $44, of which 13.5 million were to come from the company and 36.5 million from existing holders. All three were profitable on the figures in their filings. As of 7 October, neither Bamboo nor Oura had filed to withdraw. The seller column is the part of these deals that gets read last and says the most.

On 28 September Reuters reported that two customers accounted for nearly a quarter of Anthropic's revenue in 2025. The reporting that followed points at something larger. Anthropic's filing is still confidential, and a search of SEC EDGAR on 5 October found no public registration statement, but Reuters, which has seen it, reports the share of revenue sold through Amazon and Google rising from 11% in 2023 to 32% in 2024 and 47% in 2025, about $2.16 billion, through their cloud marketplaces. The reading here is that the larger concentration is the channel rather than the customer list. Nearly half of last year's revenue arrived through two marketplaces, and the companies that own them are, by Reuters' account of the filing, also Anthropic's investors, its compute suppliers, its competitors and its customers. Reuters still does not name the two customers who each generated 12% of revenue in 2025, and this piece does not guess. If either of them is one of those same two companies, the two concentrations fall on the same names and add up to more than either figure shows on its own.

On 25 September the Sixth Circuit became the second federal appeals court to rule against Kalshi, and the reasoning matters more than the result. Having found that Kalshi had not shown its sports contracts were swaps, the court added that Kalshi would still be unlikely to succeed if they were. The opinion, by Judge Julia Smith Gibbons for a three-judge panel with no separate opinion, decided the Ohio and Tennessee appeals together. It upheld Ohio's refusal of a preliminary injunction, vacated the injunction Kalshi had won in Tennessee, and sent both cases back. This is a preliminary ruling that binds one circuit, and the full court could still be asked to rehear it. The reading here is that the second holding changes what the Commodity Futures Trading Commission can do for Kalshi's sports business. The Commission keeps the power to refuse. Within the Sixth Circuit, and against general gambling laws, approval is now an argument it has to win in court rather than a power the statute hands it. A national answer has to come from the Supreme Court or from Congress.

RWA.xyz counted 4,010,763 addresses holding tokenized stocks on 28 September, up 67% in thirty days. The industry took two routes to get there. One camp put the registered share itself on-chain, with rights verified, holders checked in advance and transfers restricted to approved wallets; the other built tokens that give economic exposure and that eligible holders can keep in any wallet and move freely. The holder counts on the two sides are not close. bStocks reports 1,402,291 and xStocks 666,831, both classified as transferable. Superstate Opening Bell, which puts the registered shares themselves on-chain under token-level permissioning and KYC'd wallets, reports 84. The caveats are real: these are addresses rather than people, Opening Bell lists only three assets, and two large platforms fit neatly on neither side. The gap that remains is read here as a preference for tokens that are easy to hold and move. Tessera sits in the second camp and has a commercial interest in that reading being right. The data counts addresses; the preference is an interpretation of them.

On 27 August, Databricks told the Securities and Exchange Commission that it had sold $4,999,997,255 of stock to 136 investors. The filing reports $5,000,000,000 offered and $2,745 remaining, and all three figures are quoted as filed. It is one document, it is public, anyone can read it, and it does not contain the number everybody wants. A Form D is the notice a company files when it sells securities without registering them, due within fifteen days of the first sale. It collects the issuer's details, the exemption claimed, the date of first sale, the amounts offered, sold and remaining, and the number of investors who have already invested. It does not collect the price, the valuation, or the identity of a single buyer. That is not an oversight and it is not evasion. The form is a notice that an exempt offering has happened, filed so that the Commission knows it happened. This piece reads what that record does and does not establish.

On the afternoon of 15 September the Senate declined to begin debating the CLARITY Act. The result was on the wire within minutes of the vote, and the result is the least interesting thing in the record. What is interesting sits in the roll call, and the roll call only means something next to a second one taken the same afternoon and a third taken fourteen months earlier. The vote was cloture on the motion to proceed, which decides whether the Senate may begin debating a bill. It is not passage and it enacts nothing. A bill that fails it has not been voted down on its merits. It has failed to reach the point at which its merits get debated. The threshold is three-fifths of senators sworn, which is sixty. The 7 September piece argued that the question of whether Kalshi's sports contracts are federally regulated derivatives or unlicensed gambling had three live routes to an answer, judicial, legislative and administrative. This is what the legislative test produced, and it produced more than a number.